Capacity Management in Easy Jet Airline Free Essay Example, 2500 words

In order to maximize the revenues, the businesses should allocate the capacity in advance so that any opportunity to satisfy the need of high-class customer that might come any time should not go wasted. Curry, (1990) stated Capacities should be divided into different classes like high-class middle class as well as low class. The best way is to keep filling the low class first and store the high as well as a middle class for later usage at higher rates. The paper conducts an experiment to check for profits based on first come first serve as well as capacity allocation methods. After simulation, it was proved that capacity allocation generates considerable higher profits as compared to first come first serve process. Pak, Daker, Kindervater, (2003) state that in industries such as airline industry earlier it was stated that they have fixed business as well as economy class seats but this paper negates the concept of a limited number of seats and introduces the concepts of convertible seats. As per the current demand, the economy class can be converted to business class or business class can be converted to economy class without losing the profits. We will write a custom essay sample on Capacity Management in Easy Jet Airline or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Review of Janet Holmes Article Men, Women and...

The author of the article Men, Women and Politeness was Janet Holmes. It was published in 1995. This article, intentionally, speaks about how women and men interrelate. The basis of her argument is very simple and clearly expressed. Holmes tries to say that women are more polite than men, in the way a person speaks. She says that women have ‘softened tones of disagreement’, whereas refers men to being blunt and aggressive. . Holmes tries to say that the way in which women and men interact is diverse. She also tries to say that the way in which they agree to things is also different. Holmes tries to prove that all reactions of men and women are different, but all men and women act in the same way, which makes them†¦show more content†¦Her case studies are on people with different culture, but she has similar findings. This proves that her findings are accurate, as different cultures, are showing similar responses. Variables such as age, sex, single groups or mixed groups, were used for the research. For example; different ages groups were used like 12year old school children by Van Alphan(1987), are also done on children which different sex groups. The data which was collected was first-hand data. Alphan wanted to check if the results were similar with different cultures. These case studies were conducted over 30 years ago, making the research reliable. However, the research seems outdated, as it is old and the decade has changed. Now sex is no more an important factor, which it use to be before. Now society and culture are the most important variables. Her research can also be called un-reliable, as various variables, which were important that time, are not mentioned. For example: size of the group, the case study was conducted on. Less information is mentioned about the case study, and a particular reader cannot prove that the information provided is valid. Research is said to be valid, if it is not more than 5 years old. Holmes included case studies of 1970’s and 1990’s. The information provided by Holmes, will have a great influence onShow MoreRelatedShojo and Adult Women: a Linguistic Analysis of Gender Ident ity in Manga (Japanese Comics)8450 Words   |  34 PagesShojo and Adult Women: A Linguistic Analysis of Gender Identity in Manga (Japanese Comics) Junko Ueno Abstract: This study analyzes the linguistic behavior of female characters in shoJo (girls) and ladies (women) manga (Japanese comics) and discusses the portrayal of female gender identities in the context of popular print media. Considering the great impact that Japanese print media has had over Japanese womens speech patterns throughout history, a linguistic analysis of female characters speech

Wrought Iron free essay sample

Microstructure of Wrought Iron Wrought Iron †¢ Wrought iron was once the most important metallic engineering material but it has now been almost totally replaced by the different grades of steel. †¢ A little wrought iron is still made and will probably continue to be made since it possesses certain extremely valuable properties. †¢ Wrought iron is a soft but ductile metal made from pig iron by a low temperature oxidation process called ‘Puddling’. It is not fully molten when withdrawn from the furnace and therefore, always contains some slag. Production of Wrought Iron †¢ Wrought iron is made by removing silicon, sulphur, manganese, phosphorus and carbon from pig iron by oxidation conducted at a temperature of about 1300oC. †¢ Oxygen required for oxidation is supplied partly by the atmospheric air passing through the furnace and partly by the additions of iron oxide. †¢ Silicon, manganese and phosphorus in molten pig iron form SiO2, MnO and P2O5. We will write a custom essay sample on Wrought Iron or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These oxides combine with iron oxide to form a low melting point liquid slag. †¢ As the iron loses its silicon, manganese, phosphorus and carbon, the melting point of the iron is raised and at the end of the refining the iron is in a pasty condition. †¢ At this stage the iron is gathered in the form of balls, worked as free of slag as possible and dragged out of the hearth. These balls are then placed under a hammer where as much of the slag as possible is squeezed out. The puddling process of smelting iron ore to make wrought iron from pig iron, Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia published in 1637, written by Song Yingxing (1587– 1666). Production of Wrought Iron †¢ The squeezed balls are then rolled into â€Å"muck bars† (3/4 to 1 in. thick and 2. 5 to 8 in. wide). The muck bars are then piled, reheated, and rolled into billets, plates, or other suitable shapes †¢ This rolling serves to elongate the slag. The slag, therefore, occurs in the direction of rolling and visible in the longitudinal section as streaks. In the transverse section the slag appears as round grayish dots. †¢ The metal consists of irregular grains of ferrite, which (although deformed in rolling) are no longer elongated, because the temperature at which the rolling has been done was sufficiently high to permit ferrite crystals to recrystallise. (a) (b) Microstructure of Wrought Iron (a) Longitudinal Section (b) Transverse Section Table 1: Chemical compositi on comparison of pig iron, plain carbon steel, and wrought iron[32] Material Pig iron Carbon steel Wrought iron Iron 91–94 98. – 99. 5 99–99. 8 Carbon 3. 5–4. 5 0. 07–1. 3 0. 05– 0. 25 Mangane se 0. 5–2. 5 0. 3–1. 0 0. 01–0. 1 Sulfur 0. 018– 0. 1 0. 02– 0. 06 0. 02–0. 1 Phosphor Silicon us 0. 03–0. 1 0. 002– 0. 1 0. 05–0. 2 0. 25–3. 5 0. 005– 0. 5 0. 02–0. 2 All units are percent weight Properties of wrought iron †¢ the slag inclusions in the wrought metal are largely large inclusions between crystals of the pure metal, in contrast to microscopic inclusions that are present in large quantities in cast steel made by the modern processes. Coagulated slag particles that pierce the metal decrease the mechanical properties (such as rupture strength) of wrought iron to some extent, but on the other hand, they impart some extremely valuable properties. †¢ These include extreme ductility and toughness and remarkable resistance to atmospheric corrosion. years The Delhi iron pillar is an example of the iron extraction and processing methodologies of India. The iron pillar at Delhi has withstood corrosion for the last 1600 years Containing 98% wrought iron The Eiffel tower is constructed from puddle iron, a form of wrought iron

The Red Schwinn free essay sample

I can still feel myself perched atop that old red bike. That beautiful gift, worn away by old age and stored inside the cold room along with the numerous other unknown contents of my basement, sits within the cluttered â€Å"workout room†. As I stare at my old bicycle, I can barely make out the word â€Å"Schwinn† and notice that it is hidden beneath a thick cloud of dust. I examine the sturdy metal frame that is lined with tiny dents and numerous scratches and can still imagine my last ride on that old bike. Years ago, my father taught me how to climb onto a bike without the fear of falling off. I remember being fully aware of how the mini training wheels needed to balance the bike frame. I was fully aware of its heavy frame. I was fully aware of how my legs could get tangled between the spinning tires and revolving bike chain. We will write a custom essay sample on The Red Schwinn or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most importantly, I was aware of my father’s presence. I knew that fear was pointless because my dad was always there to protect me. When I fell, over and over again, my father was always there to comfort me. He’d help me up from the ground with a warm pat on the back. â€Å"Try again,† he’d always tell me. Day after day we practiced for hours, yet he never gave up on me. After countless attempts, numerous packages of bandaids and the bitter tears, I finally learned how to ride a bike without being afraid to fall off. I had learned from my father, from the old bike, from the painful falls and warm pats on the back how to take the necessary risks in order to grasp success. I didn’t know exactly where I was going, but I was sure that it would be a new journey that would be full of discovery. I noticed the thin, wire spokes turning as I continuously press intensely on the dirt stained pedals. Each time I pushed the pedals, I got a glimpse of my blank shadow as I absorbed the pleasant scenery and smelt the pleasing aroma of freshly cut grass. I noticed this shadowy reflection of me glide across the cracked asphalt as I pedaled harder. It is a mere silhouette of me. I can’t seem to escape nor hide from this dark figure. This mysterious shadow is a reflection that I can never escape. It’s always with me. My shadow can never abandon me. Even when I brutally crash into an obstacle along the way or am tossed off the torn vinyl seat of my vibrant colored bike, it never leaves me. It never shows me those painful scars and numerous bandages that line the surface of my skin. The bike once belonged to my neighbor when he was a kid and still contains the dents from unanticipated crashes, the rips and tears from tightly gripping the handle bars and the dark smudges of dirt that remain caked between the pedals and its sturdy frame. No one ever likes to venture down into the basement to retrieve those stored away items and lost treasures that have been buried under mountains of unorganized chaos over the years. Yet, for the past four years I have found myself venturing down into the depths of my basement just to climb onto the torn vinyl seat and begin a new journey. For the past four years I have found myself climbing over mountains of junk in order to reach that old bike, just to remember my past journeys atop its damaged frame, just to remind myself of why I should begin a new adventure, just to think of those beautiful moments with my dad. To say that my father had the largest impact on my life would be an understatement. My father’s guidance over the years has been the driving force behind my motivation and desire to pursue a career in Bioengineering. Throughout my childhood, my father taught me that although each and every failure has consequences it is still okay to fail at times. He taught me that no one is perfect and that when our vices show, it only means that we are human. When my brothers and I would forget to complete our household tasks my father would explain to us the importance of responsibility. He taught us to always be accountable for our own actions, even the bad ones. My dad’s hard work and dedication to my brothers and I, is the infrastructure that supports my desires to contribute to the world, globally. My father’s teachings revealed to me the need to be a holistic individual. I decided that becoming a Bioengineer would allow me to contribute to others even when my life fades away and my discoveries would save numerous lives along the way. I’ve made numerous mistakes along my journey that constantly knocked me down and at times threatened to stop the overall progression of my bike. Yet, reflecting on such failures I can still feel a strong desire to climb back onto that old bike just to keep following my own path towards excellence. When I was six years old, my brothers and I were once playing catch with a foam apple. Although my parents would always tell us not to play inside of the house, we continuously dared to disobey their requests by enjoying the simple pleasures of a game of catch. As our game intensified and the foam apple twirled through the air in our living room, it encountered our parents wedding candle that was sitting gracefully in the center of our wooden dining table. The candle tipped and crashed to the floor, shattering the beautiful creme colored wax into countless fragments that made up a pile of rubble. Although my brothers and I plotted to conceal what was left of the wedding candle, my p arents immediately found out. When we all were interrogated for our roles in the death of this beautiful candle, this wedding candle that represented the union between my parents and the love that has built this wonderful family, I couldn’t bear the look of disappointment that enveloped my father’s face. Unable to hold it in, I turned and whispered to my two brothers, â€Å"Should we tell the truth?† Despite joining in on the occasional bursts of laughter that erupts amongst my brothers, I am still reminded of the effect of my own actions on my father’s emotions. I am continually reminded of how connected my father was to me in so many loving ways. From that moment on I was afraid to see that look on my father’s face. I made a promise to carry myself in a way that would honor my family even when they weren’t around. That stern, shocked expression that no child wants to see across their parents face has been etched into my memories ever since the candle incident. When I was younger, school was never easy for me. I did not know how to be a scholarly student and rarely desired to impact the academic success of others. Each year I would encounter loads of school work and struggle to complete the work because of a lack of focus. Even the class scholar would simply refuse to assist me. Each day, my father would tell me, â€Å"Turrel, do the best that you can. Nothing in life is easy.† I learned from him. He taught me that achieving my dreams wouldn’t be easy. He was my map. He was the map that I would carry along with me on all of my journeys, as I pedaled through the hardships of failure and the triumphs of success. He was the map that guided me along a successful path, the map that ensured that I never stopped progressing. Part of using that map, allowed me to count on my own roots. My father always had a way of influencing me and teaching me valuable lessons. He would tell stories of his childhood in Trinidad. Each of his stories would reveal new insights that I still hold close to my heart. His stories stressed the value of generosity to me. His stories taught me to be proud of who I am. His stories also taught me how to overcome my insecurities, inhabitations and lack of confidence. I had learned to stop second guessing myself and questioning my own intentions. After encouraging words from my father, I could proudly look at my own reflection in the mirror without hesitation and as I ride that bike I am no longer afraid of my own shadow. If only I could influence others, like my dad has influenced me, they would see why I pedal so hard. They would see why I climb those vertical slopes, even when no one is cheering for me. They will see why I am no longer scared of falling off that old Schwinn bike, nor being lost behind my own shadow. Lance Armstrong once explained that â€Å"if you worried about falling off the bike, you’d never get on.† All this, I learned from my father’s teachings. Now, every time that I climb onto that torn vinyl seat of my red colored bike, and start to pedal, I never know what adventures I will encounter along the way. I never know whether I will meet an enormous obstacle or be tossed violently onto the uneven pavement. Yet, I do know that my shadow will always be with me and that I have my father’s virtues to guide me. Is that not the perfect reason to buckle my helmet straps, grab my map, climb onto my bike and start pedaling?

Fences by August Wilson Essays

Fences by August Wilson Essays Fences by August Wilson Essay Fences by August Wilson Essay Essay Topic: Fences Many people try to figure themselves out, why they are the person they are today and why they make certain choices in life. One way some people try to learn about themselves is looking into their past, how they were raised and what they experienced. However, we are who we are for many reasons any and even though we can analyze our past, we may never know most of them. In â€Å"Fences† written by August Wilson, Troy is vile and selfish. He also has a difficult time connecting with others. Although many readers might criticize Troy as a close-minded,a controlling father and unfaithful husband, by examining Troy’s experiences as a child and frustrated dream of playing baseball we can better understand Troy’s choices and accomplishments. That he is not so disgraceful after all. And even at some points, Troy is able to surprise readers because by knowing the way he was raised, readers may have never expected Troy to make certain decisions, and we’ll never know the reason behind it but can still feel proud of him. There is no formula on how to be the perfect parent. Regardless, most parents want their children to have success and happiness in their lives, which is what Troy wants for his son Cory. Although, it may not always seem that to Cory because Troy ruined his son’s opportunity at playing football in college. His son is an athlete like himself, unfortunately Troy as a baseball athlete did not get the chance to play in the white baseball league because of his race. Therefore, Troy decided to not have Cory involved professionally with sports in order to protect him from racial discrimination, he doesn’t want him to get hurt. When Cory tells his mother, Rose that Tory told the college football recruiter he won’t be able to play, she asks him why he doesn’t let Cory play that he only wants to be athletic like his dad; Troy responds â€Å"I don’t want him to be like me! I want him to move far away from my life as he can get? :

Child-Survivors of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Can the Development of Osteoporosis be Delayed or Avoided Through Physical Activity

Child-Survivors of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Can the Development of Osteoporosis be Delayed or Avoided Through Physical Activity Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), a hematological cancer most-commonly diagnosed in children and young adults, is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and maturation arrest of the lymphoid progenitor cells found in bone marrow (resulting in an excess of malignant cells). ALL is the most frequent childhood malignancy, with 2000-2500 new cases diagnosed in the United States each year and representing almost one-third of all pediatric cancers. Its peak-incidence is found in patients 2-5 years old. The cause of ALL is still unknown, although there are a small number of cases associated with inherited genetic syndromes (eMedicine 2003). Several specialists have studied the possible connection between ALL and development of osteopenia and osteoporosis later in life, and have concluded that while there appears to be a connection between the two, more research must be done to identify precise mechanisms, and also to determine whether or not this is truly a long-term concern or merel y one which disappears once the patient has recovered. Leukemia, meaning â€Å"white blood†, is a disease marked by an increased number of circulating white blood cells (Snively Beshear 1972). Acute leukemias are classified according to the patient and which cell types are involved. Most pediatric leukemias are lymphoblastic and begin in clusters of lymphocytes within bone marrow, stem cells or other lymphoid tissues (Robbins Angell 1976). The etiology of leukemia remains unidentified, however, some have postulated that it may be the result of a virus. Due to an overall cure-rate of almost 80%, it has become increasingly important to examine the consequences of the disease and its treatments in its survivors. Symptoms of ALL comprise fatigue, due largely to anemia; fever, as a secondary infection to neutropenia; and bleeding due to thrombocytopenia, including petechiae, ecchymoses, epistaxis and gingival bleeding. In certain cases, secondary complications may include lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and kidney enlargement. There is also a relatively high risk of bone infiltration, marrow expansion, subperiosteal infiltration and bone necrosis; important factors to consider when theorizing a connection between ALL and higher risk of osteoporosis (Beck 1973). Decreased bone mineral density (BMD) may result from the leukemic process itself, ectopic production of parathyroid hormone, paracrine secretion of lymphokines and decreased physical activity. Treatment of ALL largely includes corticosteroids, methotrexate and radiotherapy (cranial irradiation), and many have hypothesized that alterations in bone mass density may be linked to these methods; it has been widely speculated that treatment of ALL can have negative effects on bone formation and remodeling. Children, the most common patients with ALL, are especially at risk of developing osteoporosis and growth retardation because they may be subject to alterations in bone development during the precise time when building is at its peak (van der Sluis ). Bone metabolism is a continuous process of modeling and remodeling, with a yearly replacement rate of 10% (Haddy et al. 2001). Osteoporosis is a metabolic disease of the bones, characterized by structural degeneration of bone tissue and steady decrease in bone mass, which causes bones to become weak and more susceptible to fractures; â€Å"osteo† translates to bone and â€Å"porosis† means porous (Leroux 2001). Osteoporosis is a major health threat for over 44 million people in the U.S., 68% of whom are women; 10 million of these individuals actually have the disease (80% afflicted are women) and 34 million have low bone mass (National Institutes of Health, 2002), a condition known as osteopenia. Osteoporosis is responsible for more than 1.5 million fractures each year in the U.S. and the most common sites of fracture are hip, spine, wrist and ribs. Similar statistics are found in Canada, where 1.4 million people are affected by osteoporosis (350 000 of those reside in Quebec) (Leroux 2001). Although more research is required to determine the precise relationship between ALL and osteopenia, the precursor of osteoporosis (Haddy et al. 2001), the mechanisms can be theorized and the next portion of this paper will examine this possible connection. Children and adolescents are especially vulnerable to alterations in BMD since this is the time when peak bone mass is built (Haddy et. al. 2001), and since 90% of peak bone density is achieved by the age of 30, it is believed that increased physical activity levels for young people could help prevent bone disorders such as osteopenia and osteoporosis (Eliakim Beyth 2003). Musculoskeletal disorders are common complications of ALL and its treatment, and children diagnosed with ALL have already been found to have decreased BMD at the time of diagnosis. A number of research groups have examined the possible connection between ALL and development of osteoporosis and, although some studies have shown these effects to be temporary, there seems to be a positive correlation between ALL and decreased BMD. While no clear resolution has been reached as to whether or not these effects endure long-term (post-remission), all seem to agree that the suspected physiological mechanisms make sense. Bone metabolism is a constant cycle and consists of 80% cortical bone (the dense outer protective portion) and 20% cancellous or trabecular bone (the spongy inner portion). As mentioned, ALL patients are especially susceptible to hampered bone formation due to the disease itself (because of leukemic invasion) and to its treatment, which includes corticosteroids, methotrexate therapy, local and cranial irradiation, and deficiency of various hormones. These individuals also tend to have limited exercise capacity, and tend to inactivity; these limitations a re likely due to cancer-related fatigue, and some suffer from nutritional deficiencies including: calcium, vitamin D and magnesium metabolism (Haddy et al. 2001). Limited research has been performed regarding long-term effects of radiotherapy, but a clear correlation appears to exist between reductions in BMD and increased fragility, and dose-level of radiotherapy (Hopewell, 2003).

New Market Opportunities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

New Market Opportunities - Essay Example The revenue of the Kellogg was 12,397 million Dollars during the year 2010. The revenue figures depicted a compound annual growth rate of 4% during the past five years ending at 2010. The figure below depicts the movement of revenue throughout the period from the year 2005 to 2010: Source: (Kellogg Company, 2011). Leadership Team The leadership team of Kellogg is headed by Chairman of the Board, James M. Jennes. John A. Bryant is the President and Chief Executive Officer of the company. Various Senior Vice Presidents and Vice Presidents operate under the Chairman and the President of the company. The various departments of the company are headed by the respective Senior Vice Presidents. Margaret Bath is the Senior Vice President of the Research, Quality and Technology Department. Mark R. Baynes is the Global Chief Marketing Officer and Kris Charles is the Vice President of the Global Communications and Philanthropy Department. An important department dealing with the sustainability i ssues of the company is headed by Dr. Celeste A. Clark. The Chief Financial Officer of Kellogg Company is Ronald L. Dissinger and the department of global human resource is overseen by Dennis Shuler (Kellogg Company, 2009). ... The pyramid below depicts the objectives of Kellogg: Source: (Kellogg Company, 2011). Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Kellogg aspires to develop a strong prospect for business and grow on a continuous basis with proper sustenance of business ethics towards the company’s stakeholders and primarily the environment. The company undertakes a number of projects aimed at the betterment of the society every year. For instance, during the year 2010, the company concentrated upon investments on charities in order to depict their objectives as a company dealing with processed food on a global basis (Kellogg Company, 2011). Product Mix The product mix of Kellogg is consisted of a number of varieties of products. By category, the products of the company are consisted of baking products, beverages, cereal, cones, cookies, crackers, fruit flavored snacks, snack bars, snacks, chips and party mixes, toaster pastries, vegetarian and waffles, pancakes and syrup (Kellogg NA Company, 20 11). The various products under each of the categories are available in innumerable number of brands offered by the company. Current Financial State The financial health of the company can be considered to be stable as the company has sustained its operating profit, sales and earnings per share throughout the last five years, while investing in various profitable business opportunities. Although the operating profit of the company declined during the year 2010 from that in the year 2009 (from $2001 million to $1990 million), the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) during the past five years was 3%. Similarly, the earnings per share of the company also depicted a CAGR of 7 % (Kellogg Company, 2011). Part II: Technological Opportunities

Proposal- a training programme for Wing Yip Dissertation

Proposal- a training programme for Wing Yip - Dissertation Example In terms of the classical Chinese concepts of family and business, Wing Yip strives to build long term relationships with its suppliers, its staff, its customers and tenants. Further long term goals are to ensure that the company’s passion – the supply of excellent food products – strengthens the awareness of Chinese food culture in Britain, to mirror the important role of food in Chinese history and society (Wing Yip*, 2011). At all four branches of Wing Yip, vacancies have been advertised for cashiers, shop floor assistants and store manager’s assistants (Wing Yip**, 2011). Toward the achievement of the long-term goals of Wing Yip, it is essential that the training provided for the existing staff – as they move into positions of leadership within the stores – and the newly employed staff – as they begin their association with the culture and traditions of Wing Yip – be trained and developed as individuals proud to be associate d with the company and its values. Service delivery must be refined and enhanced through training in best practice, already found in the organisation. Objectives To promote a common culture of service, innovation, pride in delivery and lifelong learning among Wing Yip employees To enable upward mobility toward leadership within the organization, in line with succession-planning strategies To promote the company culture of the classical Chinese approach to family and business, and the passion for food (Wing Yip*, 2011) among all employees To ensure appropriate skills and competencies according to job description among Wing Yip employees, hence promoting the empowerment of the individual Approach A dual approach will be maintained in the courses offered: Induction training for new employees, to familiarise new people with roles and responsibilities, the culture of the business, and with colleagues; development for existing employees to emphasise the employees’ potential to lear n new skills and develop more capabilities (The Times 100 website: Training and Development Theory, 2011). Adults learn best through goal-oriented instruction (Craig, 1987) and thus trainers will employ structures and methodologies with this in mind. The possibilities for advancement in the company and personal development will be emphasised throughout. Also the first and compulsory-for-all-course – Course A – will disseminate the company culture and promote the taking of personal responsibility as well as initiative and innovation, hence persuading the delegates that the company’s values are sound. The company’s objectives in presenting the training must be concisely and regularly reinforced throughout the training. Assumptions In order to improve the output and success of a business it has been claimed that an organization in which everyone shares the same vision and where they trust and value each other’s contribution develops a â€Å"high perf ormance culture† (The Times 100 website: Siemens Case Study, 2011). Further, allowing people to take responsibility and trusting in their abilities motivates them, and allied with a shared vision and goals, individuals feel that they are contributing in a worthwhile way to the business. They also then feel more empowered in their

Evaluating Automobile Fuel Essay Example for Free

Evaluating Automobile Fuel Essay The alternatives to liquid fuels are compressed gases and electric power, however, both are viewed as inferior by the automotive industry. The gases are inferior in terms of energy content per unit volume. Electric power may be stored on board a vehicle in a battery or (for a short time) in capacitors. However, batteries are regarded within the automotive industry as substandard compared to liquid fuels in terms of energy stored by unit weight and volume. Furthermore their cost is high, and the manufacture of some battery types involves large quantities of scarce or environmentally-threatening materials including cadmium, lead, lithium, nickel, sodium, sulphur and zinc. According to the already mentioned just-auto report entitled The future of road vehicle fuels – forecasts to 2020 (January 2008), the International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook 2007 found that around 230m barrels of oil equivalent are required to meet global demand each day. Of this total, liquids account for the largest share of the 230m barrels (37%) followed by coal (23%) and natural gas (21%), leaving a 19% contribution from nuclear and sustainable sources. Of the liquids, however, transport use accounts for more than half (51%), with the remainder going to industry (32%), residential and commercial (11%) and power generation (6%). The residential and commercial share is mainly accounted for by oil-fired central heating, and the small power generation share by gas turbines running to meet peak loads. It follows that the transport sector share of the world energy market is just over half of 37%, in other words some 19% or just under one-fifth of the total. It should also be borne in mind that the transport sector is itself divided into light-duty vehicles (privately-owned passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles), heavy-duty vehicles, and other transport applications (aircraft, ships and diesel railway engines). The light-duty and heavy-duty sub-sectors take about 40% each, and the other applications some 20%. The search for improved efficiency in the transport sector must therefore embrace both light-duty and heavy-duty road vehicles.

The Moor in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

The Moor in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚   Who can resist empathizing with the unfortunate protagonist in William Shakespeare’s Othello? He is so noble, and yet so victimized by the cunning Iago.    Is it his â€Å"gullibility† which leads to his downfall? Morton W. Bloomfield and Robert C. Elliott   in Great Plays: Sophocles to Brecht posit the â€Å"lack of insight† of the hero as the cause of his tragic fall:    Othello’s lack of insight, cunningly played upon by Iago, leads to his downfall. And as the full enormity of his deed dawns upon him in the great scene of tragic self-revelation at the end, the audience may perhaps experience catharsis, that purgation of the soul brought about by an almost unbearable pity for him and his victims, and by terror at what human nature is capable of and what pitfalls await us in life. Throughout the play, the audience posses the information which Iago's victim does not have; the viewers know all along what Othello does not know. From that omniscient view, they look upon this tortured human being with a strong sense of the irony and tragedy of his position.   (39)    From the text of the play a number of clues can be gleaned which round out the description of the general. In William Shakespeare: The Tragedies, Paul A. Jorgensen describes the general in Othello:    Though scarcely the â€Å"barbarian† (1.3.353) he is called, the Moor is emphatically black, probably rough, even fearsome, in appearance, and a foreign mercenary from Mauritania in refined Venice. Though of royal blood, since the age of seven he had a restrictive, painful life, being sold into slavery and spending most of his life in â€Å"the tented field† (1.3.85). His â€Å"occupation† (3.3.357), to a degree found in no other Shakes... ...ice his life next to the corpse of Desdemona; for he â€Å"Like the base Judean, threw a pearl away / Richer than all his tribe [. . .] .† He dies a noble death, just as he has lived a noble life. Michael Cassio’s evaluation of his end is our evaluation: â€Å"This did I fear, but thought he had no weapon; / For he was great of heart.†       WORKS CITED    Bloomfield, Morton W. and Robert C. Elliott, ed. Great Plays: Sophocles to Brecht. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1965.    Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.    Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

My English family Essay

he high competitive in the current circumstances brings a significant changes to people’s lifestyle. People’s lifestyle gradually becomes a workaholic’s lifestyle. The effect of workaholic’s lifestyle has advantages and disadvantages for several reasons as per the below. A workaholic’s lifestyle results to the problem of time management. A hard working people have not their personal time, because they spent most of time doing their job. They usually start job in the early morning and do it until night. Moreover, this problem causes a numerous influence in the family man. The relationship in their family will be quite distant so far, because the parents pay more attention to their job than take care their children. On the other hand, it brings about the enormous negative effects in term of health. There are many disease that are cause by a workaholic‘s lifestyle, including gastro-esophageal reflux disease, gastritis disease, obesity, and back pain. Some of these are chronic disease, and it spends long time to cure. However, most people lack of interest in their health. Even they find out that they have disease, they ignore to go to see a doctor. It leads to negative consequential outcomes in the future. However, the advantages of workaholic’s persons are that they will get a good performance, and get promoted in accordingly. In the eye of their supervisor, they are strenuous persons, and it shows that they attach significance to the job. Thus, they become the first priority persons who are considered to get any benefits, such as promotion and salary adjustment. To sum up, it is evident that a workaholic’s lifestyle has more disadvantage effects, especially the health. I think that it is not worth to sacrificing your health for your career. A workaholic‘s lifestyle makes you succeed in your career path, but it makes you fail in your personal‘s life. TOEFL listening lectures: Which designer did not work at the Bauhaus? Groffy You can meet me at english-test.net Joined: 15 Mar 2010 Posts: 77 The effects of workaholics’ lifestyle #2 (permalink) Sun Jun 20, 2010 7:48 am The effects of workaholics’ lifestyle . A workaholic’s lifestyle /results to/STEMS FROM/ the problem of time management. A h Hard working people DO NOT have not their personal time, because they spenD most of THEIR time doing their job. They usually start job WORKING in the early morning and /do it/WORK/ until night. Moreover, this problem causes a HAS numerous influence CONSEQUENCES FOR the family man. The relationshipS WITHin their family will be quite distant so far, because the parents pay more attention to their job than IN takING care OF their children. On the other hand, it ALSO brings about the enormous negative effects in termS of health. There are many diseaseS WHICH are causeD by a workaholic‘s lifestyle, including gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, gastritis disease, obesity, and back pain. Some of these are chronic diseaseS, and it spends THEY TAKE A long time to cure. However, most people lack of interest in their health. Even WHEN they find out that they have A disease, they ignore to go GOING to see a doctor. It leads to negative consequential outcomes in the future. However, the advantages of workaholic’s persons are that they will GIVE a good performance, and get promoted in accordingly. In the eye of their supervisor, they are strenuous persons, and it shows that they attach significance to the job. Thus, they become the first priority persons who are considered to get any benefits, such as promotion and salary adjustment. To sum up, it is evident that a workaholic’s lifestyle has more disadvantage DAMAGING effects, especially ON theIR health. I think that it is not worth to sacrificing your health for your career. A workaholic‘s lifestyle makes you succeed in your career path, but it makes CAUSES you TO fail in your personal life. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Good morning Groffy. this is pretty good my friend, but you will only improve further by doing more reading of English publications, not grammar books. Kitos. 8/10 _________________ Keep it simple †¦ Keep it interesting. Kitosdad Language Coach Joined: 04 Mar 2009 Posts: 13497 Location: ESSEN, Germany, (but English.) TOEFL Prep Tests — Increase your Score with 120 free TOEFL Vocabulary TestsTOEFL Study Guide Guaranteed to Raise TOEFL scores without weeks and months of studying — View the Free ReportTOEFL Test Package — Learn the most difficult TOEFL vocabulary words you need to pass the TOEFL with these vocabulary tests and this unique flash card systemSign up for FREE and explore English! 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Interaction Between Peer Communication Education Essay

IntroductionCritical thought is the attitude of being willing to see in a thoughtful manner the jobs that come within the scope of one ‘s experiences ; cognition of the methods of logical probe and logical thinking ; and some accomplishment in utilizing those methods ( Glaser, 1941 ) . Another definition of critical thought is a alone and calculated thought in which the mind consistently and normally inflicts standards and rational criterions upon the thought, taking charge of the construction of thought, steering the construction of the believing harmonizing to criterions, and mensurating the effectivity of the believing harmonizing to the intent, standards, and the criterions of thought ( Richard Paul, 1995 ) . Peter Facione ( 1990 ) stated: † We appreciate critical thought to be calculated, self-regulatory determination, which consequences in reading, analysis, rating, and illation, every bit good as justification of the evidentiary, theoretical, methodological, criteriological, or background considerations upon which that determination is based † . Facione went on to depict good critical minds as â€Å" habitually speculative, intelligent, trusting of ground, open-minded, flexible, fair-minded in rating, honest in forepart of personal prejudices, careful in doing judgements, willing to reconsider, clear about jobs, orderly in complex affairs, hard-working is seeking relevant information, sensible in the choice of standards, focused in probe, and changeless in seeking consequences which are every bit precise as the topic and fortunes will let. † The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education in the UK provinces that a pupil should be able to do critical opinions and ratings as portion of their generic accomplishments ( The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education, 2002 ) . Thinking is the most cardinal of adult male ‘s abilities. We are able to sort, analyze, generalize, deduce, induce, make determinations and work out jobs without holding been taught to believe officially. It might non needfully be true that being able to believe spontaneously would take to the ability to believe efficaciously and good. The basic issue that justifies the call for learning thought in schools is the grounds that after 11 old ages of schooling, many pupils are unable to use the content cognition acquired in school to real-world jobs. The concern sector is kicking about the quality of the alumnuss they received from the universities who sometimes could non even grok direction manuals, what more the manner a piece of equipment plants. In the instance of the United States, the diminution in the pupils ‘ thought competency was farther highlighted by the consequences of the National Assessments of Educational Progress. Teaching pupils to believe would intend to be tter the quality of their thought so that it would be consistent, productive, meaningful and effectual. The ability to believe critically and creatively becomes more important in the age of information and globalisation whereby persons have to screen through dozenss of information which is non needfully relevant. One of the challenges confronting Malaysia amidst its economic development is the accomplishment of a critical thought society. This would heighten and vouch the success of research and development plans in add-on to holding other socioeconomic effects. The Malayan Ministry of Education realized the above-named demands and had begun to slowly shoot the thoughts of critical and originative thought in the school system every bit early as in the late 1980s concurrent with the debut of the Integrated Curriculum for Secondary Schools ( KBSM ) as a mechanism to recognize the National Education Philosophy. The Ministry realized that the old course of study was non balanced and over-emphasized the rational facet more than the religious, emotional and physical facets. Although cognitive accomplishments were highlighted, they were merely those on the lower measure of Bloom ‘s categorization, which consist of the ‘lower order accomplishments ‘ . The KBSM was an betterment as it encourages treatment and enquiry. Some of the instruction schemes that it proposed were methods of find and enquiry, treatment, the Socratic method of oppugning and job work outing through the scientific method. The KBSM was to develop and heighten pup ils ‘ rational capacity with regard to rational, critical and originative thought. However, the greatest drift to stress the instruction of thought in the instruction system came after the Prime Minister unveiled his Vision2020 for the state in 1991. Malaysia ‘s Vision 2020 describes nine challenges confronting the state that aspires to develop holistically which includes development of the assorted dimensions such as economic sciences, societal, political relations, psychological science, religious, and cultural. Interestingly, one of the major challenges lies in furthering and developing a mature democratic society, practising a signifier of mature consensual, community-oriented Malayan democracy. To run into this challenge would necessitate Malaysians to believe positively, critically and creatively. The most important move made by the Ministry after the KBSM was the debut of the construct of the ‘smart school ‘ in 1997, whereby originative and critical thought would go one of its landmarks, the other being the focal point on the petition of informations and communicating engineerings in instruction and acquisition. The Ministry of Education and the Faculty of Education of public universities throughout the state mounted more research on the educating of critical and originative thought accomplishments, particularly in the 1990s. Unfortunately, this punctilious research were largely kept on the library shelves garnering more dust and was ne'er able to inform the practicians in the Ministry and schools. Therefore, practicians were unable to utilize research as a model for doing practical determinations. In the context of Malaysia, most of them either could non acquire entree to the relevant literature, do non possess the learning civilization for self-reformation, are excessively busy learning and fixing pupils for scrutiny or are self-satisfied with their patterns despite the worsening educational criterions. Eisner wrote on this phenomenon of educational research seldom informing educational pattern and suggested some alterations in attack that research workers need to set about if educational research desires to inform educational pattern. The Ministry of Education has conducted several undertakings and plans of believing accomplishments in schools through the Curriculum Development Centre ( CDC ) , and Teachers ‘ Education Division ( TED ) . They have besides conducted workshops and provided preparation to instructors. For case, the CDC conducted a pilot undertaking on believing accomplishments across the course of study in 1992/1993 in the territory of Gombak, Selangor. This undertaking involved 10 secondary schools and Form One teachers. The intent of this undertaking was to expose instructors to believing accomplishments, how to be after and fix instruction and acquisition stuffs, and formulate schemes for learning thought. At the terminal of this undertaking, instructors were found to hold that believing accomplishments were utile and should be taught in schools. They felt that due to the restraint of clip, the extract attack is most suited for learning thought. The Ministry introduced the Program for Instruction in Learning and Thinking Skills ( â€Å" PeningkatandanAsuhanDayaIntelek † ; PADI or PILTS ) in 1992. The chief focal point of the PILTS Program is the designation of a nucleus of relevant thought and larning accomplishments to be taught, integrating of these accomplishments in the content being learned, supplying appropriate instructions and rating of the accomplishments taught. The consciousness of a demand to learn believing earnestly in schools gained impulse when in 1993, Tan Sri Dr Wan ZahidMohamadNoordin the so Director-General of Education made it the duty of the learning profession to develop believing accomplishments in society through brooding enquiry. He asserts that â€Å" instructors must prosecute in brooding enquiry, transmit cognition, attitude, and accomplishments. They should develop believing accomplishments. The pupil should non merely be taught to reply inquiries, but besides to inquiry replies and to o ppugn inquiries † . † The Curriculum Development Centre even published a manual to explicate the construct, theoretical account and instruction schemes for learning critical thought accomplishments to instructors. ‘ A twelvemonth subsequently he announced that the chief mark of the Ministry of Education by the twelvemonth 2000 is to hold sixty per cent of the scrutiny inquiries to be of the â€Å" critical thought † nature. In fact the SijilPelajaran Malaysia ‘s History paper in 1994 had already used inquiries which require critical thought. Subsequently, in 1996 the Teacher Education Division ( TED ) of the Ministry of Education, introduced a class entitled â€Å" Critical and Creative Thinking Skills † in its Post-Degree Teaching Program ( KPLI ) . This class was an attempt to educate future instructors on how to learn believing accomplishments across the course of study. The TED besides introduced this topic for its in-service classs. The societal component in Kuhn ‘s ( 1991 ) definition refers to the treatment of thoughts with equals who are engaged in a collaborative procedure of cognition edifice. Research workers have argued that equal relationships are alone in their ability to supply the types of interactions that lead to the development of empathy, knowledge, and societal behavior ( Youniss, 1980 ) . Johnson and Johnson ( 1999 ) maintain that collaborative equal larning promotes greater conceptual development and consequences in greater enjoyment of the acquisition undertaking. Collaboration is thought to lend to higher order larning through cognitive restructuring or struggle declaration. Anderson, Howe, Soden, Halliday, and Low ( 2001 ) stated thatpeer communicating can hold a positive consequence on conceptual development as a map of conceptual struggle. However, in add-on they note that grounds besides exists ( Roazzi & A ; Bryant, 1998 ) for the positive effects of understanding. Many surveies have examined the effectivity of intercessions aimed at bettering critical thought accomplishments ( see Pithers and Soden, 2000 ) . These intercessions have included the construct of guided pattern ( Anderson et al. , 2001 ) and scaffolding ( Wood & A ; Wood, 1996 ) to guide pupils through the thought procedure by measuring their current degree of believing through duologue and so inquiring inquiries to travel them into the following degree. Other intercessions have involved the debut of equal interaction into critical thought undertakings in an effort to better pupils ‘ cognitive accomplishments in this country ( Anderson et al. , 2001 ; Schwartz, Neuman, Gil, & A ; Ilya, 2003 ) . Research by Anderson et Al. ( 2001 ) supported Kuhn ‘s ( 1991 ) suggestion that critical thought accomplishments, in peculiar evidence-based justification, can be improved with guided pattern. Their research involved vocational instruction pupils from Further Education colleges who were engaged in peer-based critiquing of each others ‘ undertaking proposals. It was found that face-to-face equal interaction was good in bettering critical thought accomplishments ; nevertheless, justification tended to be anecdotal in nature or based on personal experience, as opposed to justification utilizing research-based grounds. Ocker and Yaverbaum ( 1999 ) used a repeated-measures experimental design to compare pupil groups each of which teamed up on two instance surveies, one utilizing face-to-face association and the other utilizing asynchronous computing machine discoursing. Their findings indicated that tie ining in the on-line status was merely every bit successful as in the face-to-face status, in footings of acquisition, high quality of solution, solution content and pleasance with the solution. Newman, Webb, and Cochrane ( 1995 ) besides compared face-to-face groups with on-line groups, concentrating on the deepness of critical thought. They found grounds for critical thought in discourse from both face-to-face and computing machine conference seminars and their analysis showed similar deepnesss of critical thought in on-line treatment and face-to-face one. However, a greater proportion of new thoughts emerged in the face-to-face seminars, whereas more thoughts in the computing machine conferences were coded as of import, justified or linked together. Newman et Al. ( 1995 ) argued that the asynchronous environment discouraged pupils from brainstorming and lending new thoughts, but instead encouraged considered, good thought-out parts. Newman et Al. ( 1995 ) developed an extended content analysis technique, based on Garrison ‘s ( 1991 ) theoretical account of critical thought, to code the online and face-to-face parts of pupils on an Information Society faculty. However, they did non code every statement in the transcripts, pretermiting to number or code content that was deemed excessively subjective or interpretative for intending to be faithfully inferred. Therefore, their method of analysis involved sorting merely the obvious illustrations and disregarding content that could non be identified easy as belonging to a peculiar crit ical thought class. Statements were described as frequently demoing more than one index and there was no step of translator dependability as it was hard to clearly specify a unit of analysis. Therefore, the dependability of this method is questionable when trying to objectively measure the nature of educational discourse and the degree of critical thought in face-to-face treatment and online transcripts utilizing a quantitative content analysis technique. The critical thought accomplishments known by the board of experts were reading, analysis, appraisal, tax write-off, description, and self-regulation. If the degree of critical thought in adolescence pupils is measured, it is truly helpful to curriculum developer or who are in charge to educational policy to do the best determination for learning believing accomplishments. In the universe beyond the schoolroom, high school pupils are au naturel to powerful messages that confuse attempts to believe critically. The cardinal demand for critical thought in and beyond formal acquisition in mundane life, relationships, ethical picks, and in the saving and development of participatory democracies grows more and more evident ( Edwards, 2001 ; Halpern, 2003 ; Pithers, 2000 ) . The proliferation of information via the Internet will merely be managed efficaciously by persons with well-developed thought accomplishments. Critical thought used to be thought of as an rational exercising expected merely of an educated influential. This pattern of trusting on a little subdivision of the population to be the minds for society is superseded ( Hay, 2001 ) . Marshak ( 2003 ) writes: The public school system that we have today was constructed during the first two decennaries of the twentieth century. . .public schools were shaped to suit industrial theoretical accounts of efficient industry. One cardinal function for schools was screening kids harmonizing to their evident abilities and promoting many to fall out and travel to work every bit unskilled laborers. In add-on to the academic lower status of the schools that normally serve big alternate populations, economically hard-pressed and alternate households frequently lack the cognition or connexions with establishments that can ease entry into college or a occupational preparation plan, every bit good as possible support beginnings and career options ( Neill, 2003 ; Stanton-Salazar, 1997 ) . This deficiency of societal capital or entree to societal constructions in order to achieve a certain terminal well affects their future chances. It is truly pointed out how these pupils are farther disadvantaged when thei r school experience does non include the development of critical thought accomplishments like job resolution, determination devising, concluding through statement, and acknowledging ways in which they may avoid delicate irresistible impulse into a life style that is counterproductive to puting long-run purposes. High school pupils who do non divert a hereafter that includes station secondary instruction manner out the K-12 grapevine prior to graduation at a much higher rate than their privileged fellow pupils. A recent survey by the Urban Institute ( Orfield, Losen, Wald, & A ; Swanson, 2004 ) exposed that the national high school drop-out rate is far greater than the provinces ‘ self-reported rates. In California, the Numberss are peculiarly high, particularly among Afro-american and Hispanic pupils ; merely 57 % of African-Americans and merely 60 % of Latinos graduated in 2002, compared with 78 % of White pupils and 84 % of Asians. The branchings of such big Numberss of drop-outs for the person, their households, and society are profoundly dismaying as are the suggestions that pupils are being forced out by schools seeking higher duty trial tonss ( Harvard University, 2005 ) .Statement of ProblemIt is clear that adolescence is one of the most critical phases in homo ‘s life spa n. In this phase, they typically increase the sum of clip spent with their equals. Besides communicating with equals helps them to socialise in society, there are many knowledge accomplishments that may larn by equal interactions. Harmonizing to the cognitive theory striplings start to believe logically. They use theories and programs to work out their jobs, so it could be conveyed critical thought procedure Begin in adolescence. Although it is equivocal in which degree critical thought appear in this phase and does it be affected by societal elements. Furthermore limited research related to critical thought in adolescence was identified. since critical thought in adolescence is subject-specific ( Ennis, 1989 ; Facione, 1990 ; Tindal & A ; Nolet, 1995 ; Angeli, 1999 ; Halliday, 2000 ) , and they learn many accomplishments through communicating with equals and society so at that place seems to be a demand for a survey that would explicate the critical thought ability of stripling and its interaction with peer communicating and societal behavior.Theoretical ModelThis survey based on combination of both cognitive and societal cultural theory: Piaget ( 1958 ) stated striplings begin to believe logically, inventing programs to work out jobs and consistently testing solutions. So harmonizing Piaget theory critical thought should accrue in adolescence. Vygotesky ( 1978 ) accent on the societal component in kids ‘s construction of cognition has led to the coaction with equals helps scholars reach new cognition.Conceptual ModelThree chief variables will be utilized in this survey. However, there are any possibilities about the manner of relationship or interaction between them. It is obvious human ecology of participants will be influenced in societal elements ( societal credence and peer communicating ) straight, although it is equivocal which societal variables, societal credence or equal communicating, intercede other variable to critical thought. It is a more possible theoretical account of relationship between variables. Degree centigrades: UsersHomeDesktopUntitled.jpgJustification of StudyAs a portion of formal operational phase in Piaget theory, procedure of visual aspect of critical believing start in adolescence. Adolescents should get down to take some chief personal and societal determinations in their life. It are seen that 90 % of striplings associate themselves with a equal group. The nature of an stripling ‘s behavior is greatly influenced by his friends and comrades.Research QuestionsThis survey includes three research inquiries that investigate possible interactions between critical thought, societal credence and equal communicating. A Is there significance grounds of critical thought in striplings with high degree in equal communicating? Is there significance grounds of critical thought in striplings with high degree in societal credence? Make critical thought and societal credence and peer communicating interact with each other?Significance of StudyThis survey has the possible to impact the research participants themselves, and besides the population of adolescence pupils they represent. Bing able to explicate critical thought accomplishment in footings of the independent variables used in the survey could assist course of study developers, pedagogues, and decision makers to develop the critical thought rating and public presentation processs necessary to raise the overall critical thought accomplishments and temperaments of pupils. This survey is of import because many people and organisation could utilize of its determination. This determination will be utile for all educational centres, schools and particularly for The Malaysian Ministry of Education. There is plentiful grounds that a big proportion of high schools inadequately arrange immature people for the real-world demands of work, higher instruction, and mundane life. Primary among the shortages recognized are competences associated with specific higher degree cognitive procedures, or merely set, critical thought. High school alumnuss must be able to judge the credibleness of beginnings, evaluate statements, and separate among facts and sentiment.to evaluate [ the media ] to assist them place possible prejudice†¦ assist them go assurance media consumers. . . to construe, make informations to inform determinations or draw decisions. Students themselves recognize the importance of higher order believing accomplishments in footings of their ability to win as immature grownups. In an online study of over 10,000 high school pupils across the state, over 40 % responded that they did non experience their school experience provided practical and necessary life accomplishments, and over one-third rated their critical thought preparation as fair-to-poor ( National Governor ‘s Association, 2005 ) .General ObjectiveDescribe part of critical believing degree in high school pupils. Identify relationship or impact of societal factor on visual aspect of critical thought process.Find an appropriate theoretical account to depict and foretell the relationship between variablesDefinition of TerminologyConceptual:Adolescent: Adolescent is a transitional phase of physical and mentalA human developmentA by and large happening betweenA pubertyA and legalA maturity ( Viner R 2005 ) .A A Critical thought: critical thought is calculated, self-regulatory determination which consequences in reading, analysis, rating, and tax write-off account of the determination ( Facione, 1990 ) . Peer communicating: equal communicating is the association of equals into little groups that have changing abilities in which all pupils can take part to acquire a common purpose. Social credence: societal credence is the grade to which an stripling is socially accepted by equals. It includes the degree of equal attraction and the easiness with which an stripling can get down and continue acceptable equal relationships.Operational:Adolescent: Harmonizing toA Erikson phase ‘s of human development an stripling is a individual between the ages of 13 and 19 Critical thought: The pre-disposed attitude one of course possesses sing critical thought. The degree of critical thought in participants will be measured through the researcher-developed Engagement, Maturity, and Innovativeness ( EMI ) . Peer communicating: The degree of equal communicating will be measured by The kids ‘s outlooks of societal behavior questionnaire ( Rudolph, Hammen, & A ; Burge, 1995 ) and stock list of equal fond regard ( Armsden & A ; Greenberg, 1987 ) Social credence: This survey will happen the degree of societal credence through societal credence Asher and Dodge ‘s ( 1986 ) step.Specific ObjectiveIdentify the nexus between equal communicating and critical thought Identify the nexus between societal credence and critical thought Did peer communicating intercede the nexus between societal credence and critical thought?Research HypothesisThis survey hunt for placing interacts and impacts of societal elements on critical thought, so there are three hypotheses to expect relationship between variables. There is significance grounds of critical thought in striplings with high degree in equal communicating There is significance grounds of critical thought in striplings with high degree in societal credence Critical thought and societal credence and peer communicating interact with each other.MethodologyResearch Design:In this quantitative research will be used correlativity design to find the relationship between variables. Besides, descriptive method will be used to depict the distribution of variablesInclusion StandardsAges: all participants will be in adolescence age ( 13-19 ) Gender: They will be approximately every bit split by gender Race and Language: they will be selected approximately every bit among three races ( Malay, Indian, and Chinese )Sampling and participantsParticipants will be selected through bunch trying method. Population will be all striplings in KL high schools. Participants will be 300 striplings in KL high schoolsData CollectionAll informations will be collected through questionnaires with good dependability and cogency. Therefore, it could be conveyed self-report questionnaires will be used as a information aggregation technique in this survey.InstrumentFour questionnaires will be used in this survey: The researcher-developed Engagement, Maturity, and Innovativeness ( EMI ) critical thought temperament appraisal will be used to mensurate the critical thought temperament of striplings. Adolescents ‘ representations of equals. The Children ‘s Expectations of Social Behaviour Questionnaire ( Rudolph, Hammen, & A ; Burge, 1995 ) will be used to tap kids ‘s representations of urine R. Inventory of Peer Attachment ( Armsden & A ; Greenberg, 1987 ) to mensurate peer fond regard in striplings. Social credence Asher and Dodge ‘s ( 1986 ) societal credence step will be used in this surveyDependabilityAdolescents ‘ representations of equals. The Children ‘s Expectations of Social Behavior Questionnaire ( Rudolph, Hammen, & A ; Burge, 1995 ) will used to tap striplings ‘ representations of equals. intentionally, this 15-item questionnaire taps striplings ‘ outlooks of their equals ‘ responses to conjectural aversive state of affairss in which a stripling needs aid, keep up, and sensitiveness from his or her equals. This step was made to order to do it allow for state of affairss that involved striplings, and to include a 4-point response format ( instead than a 3-point response format ) runing from ( 1 ) most positive outlook to ( 4 ) most negative outlook ( Cassidy & A ; Woodhouse, 1997 ; Appendix B ) . All points will b eupturned scored. For each point, striplings read a sketch picturing a conjectural state of affairs and were so instructe d to acknowledge how the equals would reply to the state of affairs. Rudolph et Al. ( 1995 ) accounted good psychometric belongingss for theprimary step ( e.g. , good internal consistence, test-retest dependabilities and significant concept cogency in a sample of 7-to 12-year-old kids ) . They besides reported good convergent cogency for this step. For illustration, they found that kids who had more negative representations of equals were significantly more likely to exhibit maladaptive societal behaviour and lower societal competency. In that survey, the Cronbach ‘s alpha was 0.76. This step contained a set of written instructions inquiring striplings to â€Å" rate the extent to which you like to be in activities with the undermentioned pupils. † Below this set of instructions, was the same roll of 75 schoolmates that the stripling used in the societal behaviour instrument. Adolescents used a 5-point Liker-type graduated table runing from non at all ( 1 ) to a batch ( 5 ) to do their evaluations. A societal credence mark for each participant was computed based upon evaluations that the participant received from his or her schoolmates. This mark was calculated foremost by taking the mean of all the evaluations for that participant and so standardising this mean within the participant ‘s school. Furthermore, in a longitudinal survey of early striplings, Wentzel and Caldwell ( 1997 ) reported significant test-retest dependability and prognostic cogency, bespeaking that societal credence mediated by prosocial behaviour was related to striplings Ã¢â‚¬Ë œ GPA during 6th and 8th class. From the original 60 point critical thought pilot temperament trial, point and scale dependability analysis left a graduated table with 30 points and an overall Cronbach ‘s alpha of 0.86. The Innovativeness concept was represented by seven points and a standardised Cronbach ‘s alpha of 0.79, the Maturity concept was represented by six points and a standardised Cronbach ‘s alpha of 0.75, and the Engagement concept was represented by 13 points and a standardised Cronbach ‘s alpha of 0.89. These dependability estimations were deemed really high utilizing the standard standards ( R = 0.65 to 0.75 ) of Norris and Ennis ( 1989 ) . Extra statistics, such as each point ‘s mean, standard divergence, corrected item-total correlativity, and alpha if the point were deleted are reported in Table 3-3. Items were retained if they did non hold utmost agencies ; had what was considered to be adequate variableness in responses ; had corrected item-total correlativities ov er 0.2 ; and would do the dependability of the graduated table stronger. After the pilot trial tonss were analyzed and the strongest graduated table was identified, the research worker added points to the Maturity concept to include a broader representation of facets of the Maturity temperament. This left the new EMI instrument with 33 points. Peer fond regard graduated tables ( a = .90 ) consisted of 25 points and were rated on a five-point graduated table ( sample points: †my parents/friends understand me † ) . Each of the subscales ( trust, disaffection, and communicating ) was submitted to a Personal computer factor analysis and a parallel factor emerged for both parent and peer fond regard. The factor from the parent graduated tables was labelled †parental secure fond regard † ( k = 2.41 % ; 80.4 % of the discrepancy ) and consisted of trust ( .91 ) and communicating ( .88 ) , which loaded positively and disaffection, which loaded negatively ( _0.90 ) . The factor from the equal graduated tables was labelled †peer secure fond regard † ( k = 2.31 % ; 77.1 % of the discrepancy ) and consisted of trust ( .92 ) and communicating ( .91 ) , which loaded positively and disaffection, which loaded negatively ( _.80 ) .Data Analysis MethodMean, manner and discrepancy will be used to depict part of informations T-test will be used to place the nexus between variablesMultiple arrested development analyses will be used to place direct and indirect nexus between variables that mediated by other variables. Statistical Package for Social Science ( SPSS ) will be used to analysis all informations.

Homeostasis essays

Homeostasis essays The human bodys ability to maintain a constant environment is essential to its survival. This capability is referred to as homeostasis. Homeostatic mechanisms keep the body near a set point, based on the sensitivity of central nervous system nuclei, which is an ideal value for that particular person. An example of a homeostatic mechanism is a negative feedback mechanism. Any deviation from the set point is made smaller. This mechanism does not prevent variation, it only helps keep the variation near the set point. Many negative-feedback mechanisms have three components; a receptor, a control center and an effector. A receptor monitors the significance of the variable. The control center is where the set point is established. The effector has the ability to change the variable. The set point varies from person to person. The body usually does not maintain its set point exactly but instead it fluctuates and declines around this point bringing forth a normal range of values. When the body undergoes a physical stressor; such as exercise, a secondary set point is established. The Schneider test measures the recovery rate, the rate at which the body moves back to the original set point once a stressor is removed. It determines the recovery limit of the cardiovascular system. It is based on the measurement of heart rate and blood pressure before, during and after exercise, a stressor in this case is standing and moderate exercise. This system was developed by Dr. Schneider after World War I in order to evaluate combat preparedness and overall fitness of American aviators. Exercise: 15 sec.- 88 Score: 16 ...

Promethium Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements

Promethium Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements Promethium is a radioactive rare earth metal. Heres a collection of interesting promethium element facts: Interesting Promethium Facts The original spelling of the name promethium was prometheum.The element is named for Prometheus, the Titan who stole fire from the Greek gods to give to mankind.Promethium was the last rare earth element of the lanthanide series to be discovered. It was discovered in 1945 by  Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin, and Charles D. Coryell, although its existence had been predicted in 1902 by Czech chemist Bohuslav Brauner. Marinskys group found promethium in uranium fission products during Manhattan Project research in Oak Ridge, TN.All of the isotopes of promethium are radioactive. It is the only radioactive rare earth metal and it is one of only two radioactive elements followed by stable elements on the periodic table. The other element like this is technetium.Promethium isotopes generate x-rays via beta decay. 29 isotopes are known, with mass numbers from 130 to 158.Promethium is prepared in a lab. It is extremely rare on Earth, although it has been detected in pitchblende spe cimens from the radioactive decay of uranium. The only stable oxidation state of promethium is 3, although it can be made to display the 2 oxidation state. This is common with lanthanide elements.The pure metal has a silvery appearance. Salts of promethium glow pale blue or green, due to radioactive decay.Because of its radioactivity, promethium is considered toxic.Promethium compounds have several practical applications, all more to deal with its radioactivity than its chemical properties. The earliest pacemakers used nuclear batteries that relied on promethium. It is used in missile and spacecraft power sources, as a beta source for thickness gauges, and to make luminous paints. Promethium Chemical and Physical Properties Element Name: Promethium Atomic Number: 61 Symbol: Pm Atomic Weight: 144.9127 Element Classification: Rare Earth Element (Lanthanide Series) Discoverer: J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin, C.D. Coryell Discovery Date: 1945 (United States) Name Origin: Named for the Greek god, Prometheus Density (g/cc): 7.2 Melting Point (K): 1441 Boiling Point (K): 3000 Covalent Radius (pm): 163 Ionic Radius: 97.9 (3e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.185 Pauling Negativity Number: 0.0 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 536 Oxidation States: 3 Electronic Configuration: [Xe] 4f5 6s2 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001) Return to the Periodic Table

(Alcohol) Cause and Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

(Alcohol) Cause and Effect - Essay Example They want to feel grown up. Another cause is that, strictly forbidding kids to touch alcohol increases the curiosity inside them. They turn out breaking the laws and standing liable for penalties. Studies have suggested that most teens drink out of their excitement that they get in breaking the law. Some disastrous effects of alcohol include affected brain activity, memory and concentration; increased emotional mood swings; inability to perceive the direction of sound; dysfunctional reproductive system; and, increased risk of breast cancer (Doheny). It also leads to affected driving leading to accidents, and family violence. Consumption of alcohol at a young age badly affects learning, memory, thinking capacity, judgment, and decision-making capability (StarTribune). To conclude, alcoholism starts due to peer pressure. It also tarts due to the fantasy that evokes due to strict prohibition. However, considering so many bad effects associated with drinking, it is wise to prohibit the consumption of alcohol at a very young

EXPECTING THE UNEXPECTED HOW SWAT OFFICERS AND FILM CREWS HANDLE Assignment

EXPECTING THE UNEXPECTED HOW SWAT OFFICERS AND FILM CREWS HANDLE SURPRISES - Assignment Example 2005 pp. 336). Bricolage is dependent on sociocognitive resources developed by group members, this is done through work draft agreements, reinforcement and involvement of task operations while enabling the development of cross-member expertise. Researchers have started to pay attention to surprise as a crucial element within business operations. (Lampel & Shapira, 2001; Weick, 1995; Weick & Sutcliffe, 2001). Surprise is defined as a split from the normal expected outcome that the participants did not anticipate. Surprises include components within organizations that are unforeseen and pull away participant’s concentration away from progressing on the work. Surprises are fascinating as they demonstrate the extraordinary methods in which various firms come across uncertainties and adjust, while at the same time offer openings for further analysis for future robust action. (McDaniel, Jordan, & Fleeman, 2003; Weick & Sutcliffe, 2001). they happen. This research is interested in the determination of the frequency and success in how police Swat and film crews react to surprise and their preparation to change. This research paper is also interested in how the organizations redirect operations as circumstances change and development of collective resources. Analysis not only requires the investigation of group members’ responses to surprise, but also studying the process that facilitate rapid response. The study made comparisons on organizational practices on both categories of organizations and their mode of expecting, anticipating, and sometimes embracing, the unexpected. The title of the article is plain and clear to the content and the rationale of the research. It concisely explains all the facets of the research in the interested article, which is how swat officers and film crews handle surprises. Hence the title of the article is a reflection of the the

Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics - Assignment Example The sense of and compliance with the principles of ethics is what makes man superior to all living creatures. The most convincing ethical system is utilitarianism. It is â€Å"probably the basic moral philosophy of most nonreligious humanists today’’ (Harris, 2002, p. 119). Utilitarianism suggests that in any situation, one should adopt that course of action that maximizes the utility for all of the sentient beings. An action that is generally considered objectionable in normal circumstances might be the right course of action in a particular situation because the context and situation might be equally different and unique. One needs to see what is the requirement of a given situation and in what potential ways can the maximum utility of a decision can be achieved in a positive way. Nevertheless, there is a certain level of subjectivity in this process that is difficult to avoid. This involves concerns about whether one should maximize the average, or the sum of the to tal utility. In addition to that, the utility of future beings also needs to be taken into account. In any case, the only factor that one should care about is maximizing the utility. The fundamental principles of ethics are maintenance of discipline and decorum and spread of mental as well as physical well-being. According to web.mnstate.edu (2012), there are four fundamental principles of ethics, namely the principle of beneficence, respect for autonomy, nonmalefience, and justice. The principle of beneficence obliges us to take such measures that make our actions good. This means that we should make effort to prevent others from harm. Nevertheless, adoption of this principle often involves us into a conflict with the respect of others’ autonomy. We are ethically obliged to have reverence for others’ autonomy so that their decisions regarding their lives are respected. It is the fundamental principle of human dignity. The principle of respect for autonomy deters us fr om interfering in the competent adults’ decisions and assigns us the responsibility of empowering others. The principle of nonmalefience instructs us not to harm others. In cases where it is not possible to avoid the harm altogether, we are ethically obliged to minimize the harm. Our actions should be such that more good is produced in their consequence than harm. The principle of justice requires us to give others what they deserve. Therefore, we need to consider all people equal and should deal with them impartially. The good life is that in which one never deters from getting one’s right and at the same time, always grants others their rights. An ethically good life is indeed a life that is functionally good (McKinnon, 1999, p. 69). In this world, everybody is interconnected. We have certain obligations toward others and others also have some obligations toward us similarly. To live a good life, we should neither compromise upon our own rights nor deny others their rights. If we compromise upon our own rights but grant others their rights, we essentially become selfless. Selflessness is just as harmful, if not more, for the quality of life as selfishness is. If we always get our rights

Conflicts Caused by Differences among Groups Essay Example for Free

Conflicts Caused by Differences among Groups Essay Conflicts Caused by Differences among Groups Throughout history differences among groups have often led to conflict. Two specific conflicts were the persecution of Christians during the Roman Empire and the Armenian massacres. These two conflicts were caused by differences among groups. The persecution of Christians during the Roman Empire was caused by differences in religion. In 1914 the conflict between the Turks and the Armenians led to the Armenian massacre which was caused by political differences. The persecution of Christians during the Roman Empire was caused by differences in religion. The Roman Empire was quite tolerant in its treatment of other religions. The imperial policy was generally one of incorporation; the local gods of a newly conquered area were simply added to the Roman pantheon and often given Roman names. Even the Jews, with their one god, were tolerated. For the Romans, religion was first and foremost a social activity that promoted unity and loyalty to the state, a religious attitude the Romans called pietas, or piety. Cicero wrote that if piety in the Roman sense were to disappear, social unity and justice would perish along with it. The Roman distaste for Christianity then, arose in large part from its sense that it was bad for society. The effect of this conflict was that it led to the persecution of Christians. Secondly, the Armenian massacre was another conflict that happened because of differences among groups. In 1914, the Turks entered World War I on the side of Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Military leaders began to argue that the Armenians were traitors. If they thought they could win independence the Armenians would be eager to fight for the enemy. As the war intensified Armenians organized volunteer battalions to help the Russian army fight against the Turks in the Caucasus region. These events and general Turkish suspicion of the Armenian people led the Turkish government to push for the removal of the Armenians from the war zones along the Eastern Front. On April 24, 1915, the Armenian genocide began. That day the Turkish government arrested and executed several hundred Armenian intellectuals. After that ordinary Armenians were turned out of their homes and sent on death marches through the Me sopotamian desert without food or water. Frequently, the marchers were stripped naked and forced to walk under the scorching sun until they dropped dead. People who stopped to rest were shot. In conclusion, differences among groups have  often led to conflicts. Two main conflicts were the persecution of Christians during the Roman Empire, which was caused by differences in religion, and the Armenian massacre, which was caused by political differences

An Analytical Essay on the Double-edged Sword in Hamlet :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

An Analytical Essay on the Double-edged Sword in Hamlet   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet's tale is a tragic one because it presents a man who is in the center of a moral dilemma. It is difficult enough for a man to face what is making him angry even under normal circumstances. Hamlet's circumstances are certainly not normal.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet's dilemma, whether or not he should kill the king, is compounded by three things. He is extremely angry and hurt over the murder of his father. He cannot express that anger to others because in his position it would be political suicide. Finally, human nature demands that he express that anger somehow. Thus Hamlet faces a double-edged sword, he must express his anger somehow and that will lead to his downfall.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet (correctly) blames his uncle, Claudius, for the death of his father. Further compounding the issue is the fact that Claudius is now the King of Denmark and is married to Hamlet's mother, Gertrude. Hamlet feels robbed of his both his father and his birthright. There is no doubt that Claudius is responsible for the crime, the next course of action would, of course, be to kill him.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But it is not that simple.   Gertrude seems quite happy in her life with her new husband. Although Hamlet is infuriated with her as well for marrying Claudius so soon after her husband's death, he still loves her and does not wish any harm to come to her. Furthermore, if Hamlet were to kill Claudius, especially at this point, the people of Denmark would no doubt suspect the truth. This would only anger Hamlet even more since he feels that he would get caught for his 'justifiable homicide' and Claudius did not get caught for his crime. All Hamlet can do is keep quiet, and that only makes him even more frustrated.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, Hamlet cannot continue to hold his strong feelings inside for very long. Like shaking a bottle of soda, the pressure builds and builds until, eventually, the bottle will explode. Hamlet begins exploding with his passive-aggressive behavior towards the king and queen. He puts on a play that almost exactly displays the crime of which Claudius is guilty right before his eyes. However, even knowing beyond any doubt now that Claudius is guilty, Hamlet still cannot bring himself to kill him. The bottle does not explode completely until the duel at the climax of the play.

J.S. Bach Flute Sonata in B Minor: the Development of the Baroque Flute

J. S. Bach Flute Sonata in B minor (BWV 1030): the development of the Baroque Flute, the flautists and the music Johann Sebastian Bach (J. S. Bach) is no doubt one of the greatest composers of all times. He composed many works for flute including works for solo flute, flute with harpsichord and/or continuo and, two flutes and harpsichord. However, there has been a controversy, over the flute works, whether they were composed solely by the composer, assisted by someone or under the guidance of J.S. Bach. In addition, some scholars doubted that some of works are not written for flute and they are actually transcribed for flute by the composer. Especially, the Sonata in B minor (BWV 1030) raises most number of controversies. The J. S. Bach flute compositions are standard repertoire for the flute even today. As a professional flute player, it is very important to have comprehensive knowledge on the background of these works because they directly affect the way of interpreting them.By rev iewing the development of Baroque flute and analyzing the time period of the compositions would greatly help flutists to have a deeper understanding on these important repertoire in flute especially the B minor sonata (BWV 1030). The development of the instrument, Baroque flute, plays no doubt very important role on influencing the work written for it. The difference in range, tonality, mechanisms greatly affect the compositions written for it. Unlike other wind instruments, the Baroque flute was developed later than others.Since it is made differently, it is definitely impossible to apply the styles of other instruments on the Baroque flute. Some research suggested that J. S. Bach has little familiarity of the flute and flute players because, although the style of the compositions are similar to the other pieces of the composer, the flute works do not show that he understands the characteristic and the quality of the instrument. 1 And, the lack of knowledge of the flute would proba bly be because the composer did not listen much works for flute and meet flutists in where he worked.As mentioned above, the development of Baroque Flutes has great impact on how the pieces were written for it. Consequently, it is impossible to overlook this element when doing this research. â€Å"Flute† is a general term for a large and diverse woodwind instrumental family of which players blow air across the surface of any hollow object to produce sound. The appearance of the instrument, not only in western music, is found all over the globe like di-zi in China. 2 In Western music, flute plays an important role from ancient Greek music to contemporary music nowadays. The design, uses and playing styles keep changing even today.As one of the oldest instruments in Western music, â€Å"flutes† first appear in a picture of a shepherd playing the flute from the sermons of St Gregory of Nazianzus in a manuscript of early eleventh century. 3 It is mostly associated with nat ure and pastoral life. In Renaissance, flute was one of the instruments in mixed ensemble. More importantly, it played a notable role in sacred concerti or sacred symphonies. Johann Hermann Schein (1586-1630), one of J. S. Bach’s predecessors, composed seven ensemble works that featured a transverse flute which is always assigned to the second voice.This tradition went on to the Baroque era and solo flute works became more popular from 1670. There were large changes in its mechanisms. The new instrument is now built in three or four sections instead of one piece; it is modified from a large cylindrical bore to a conical bore in which the diameter of the headpiece was greater than the foot piece which improves the tuning of the upper notes; most importantly, one key was added in the foot piece so there is an extra note which the little finger of the right hand cannot reach originally and it produces the new note d#’. These inventions are very important. However, there i s a common misunderstand, however, regarding â€Å"the flute† as a single instrument. In fact, it refers to an instrumental family in the Baroque Period. There are, generally speaking, eight different kinds of flutes including concert flute, descant flute and flute d’amour. Different kinds of flutes appeared in different pitches. 5 In the music that Bach wrote for flute, he did not, like all the composers at that period of time, specify the type of flute they writing for.In addition, there is a possibility that different flutes were used in different performances. All flutes were written as if they were in the key of D especially in the first quarter of the 18th century. As a result, it is difficult to judge which flute the composer had in mind from the music. 6 In the journal â€Å"J. S. Bach's Compositions for Solo Flute: A Reconsideration of Their Authenticity and Chronology† by Robert L. Marshall, he suggests: â€Å"It is still widely believed that Bach wro te eight works for the solo flute.But the view that has prevailed among Bach specialists for the past fifteen years is that the rather similar Sonatas for flute and harpsichord obbligato in G Minor (BWV I020) and E Flat Major (BWV io31) were probably composed by someone else-most likely Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach–and that the Sonata in C Major for flute and continuo (BWV 1033) was written by one-or two-of Bach's students (one of them, again, might have been Emanuel Bach), presumably in part under the composer's active supervision and intervention. † 7 This suggestion probably comes from the lack of normal musical style in his writing.Moreover, his writing shows no understanding of the qualities of the instrument. However, this argument seems invalid when considering the type of flute Bach was written for. The first flute solo work by Bach, Partita in a minor (BWV 1013), was written between about 1720 and 1730. He was one of the first German composers who started composin g music for solo flute. This may be stimulated by the new four-piece design of the Baroque flute. The instrument has an advanced feature to have an extended footjoint giving the note c’ however, Bach did not use this new feature in his B minor flute sonata (BWV 1030).Also, its middle joint has different length and can be replaced so that the pitch of the instrument can be altered to accommodate different pitches in different areas. Moreover, it now has a clearer and accurate tone. Fast passages and big leaps can now be played with ease. 8 This is probably one of the reasons why there are more compositions for solo flute. In addition to the development of the instrument, flautists’ involvement plays another crucial role in flute music composition. Bach first work with flute players in Cothen. The Prince of Cothen happened to be a keen musician ho was not in favor of elaborate church music, so Bach concentrated on instrumental music. Interestingly, the flautists were con sidered assets to the court because the salaries of the flautists in the courts were around three times higher than other musician. And, in this Cothen period (1717-1723), flute appeared as a solo instrument in his Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 (1719) and the B minor Suite for flute (BWV 1067). 9 Later, the â€Å"violinlization† of music in Paris was taken place of which a style characterized by constant semiquaver and arpeggiated passagework in Dresden. This style was achieved by the new Baroque flute.Bach moved to Leipzig in 1723 and he met new flautists there and started composing a large amount of flute chamber music. They begin with the Flute sonata in E minor (BWV 1034) dated c. 1724. Then, the later works are the C major (c. 1731), Eb major (1730-34), B minor and A major sonatas (c. 1736). These pieces seem match well with the larger-bored four-joint flutes with the most effective range. 10 However, two of Bach’s flute chamber works do raised some questions with th e fact that if they were written for flute because there is more than one score written by the composer and they seem not written for flute.They are the sonata in B minor (BWV 1030) and sonata in G minor (BWV 1020). The sonata BWV 1030 is the most important one. There are two scores written for the keyboard part, one in B minor and the other one in G minor. Some Oboists claimed that the G minor is the original version of the sonata for oboe and it is transposed for flute later in B minor. However, there is evidence that flute was a transposing instrument and there is no reason for Bach to write two separate version of music for different instrument. But, as mentioned before, Baroque flute is a family of instruments.There is a possibility that the piece is written for flute but that is not the concert flute. Every instrument’s ideal sound is to emulate the â€Å"singing quality† of the human voice – the music was written in a range that more suitable in lower ran ge flutes. The sonata in B minor (BWV 1030) particularly has a strong vocal quality which may suggests that the flute part is actually written for the flute d’amour. Like his Church Cantatas, the flute obbligatos part is intended for the d’amour. 11 Flute d’amour is an alto instrument tuned to D at French Chamber pitch.It sounds a major or minor 3rd below the normal pitch of harpsichords, and played at transpositions. But, this is a French tradition of transposing the pieces in the â€Å"Clef francoise† with the G on the bottom line. As a result, Bach wrote two separate scores for the flute and keyboard parts in his flute sonata in G minor based on the â€Å"Clef italienne†. It is understood by the flautists who worked with Bach and they should recognize it at a glance. 12 To conclude, the B minor flute sonata (BWV 1030) by Bach is written for flute, Flute d’amour precisely.It raised much doubt about this because the composers of the time di d not specified what kind of flute they wrote for. And, nowadays, with misunderstanding that â€Å"Baroque flute† is a term for a single instrument, people may suggest that this flute piece is not suitable for a particular Baroque flute. However, with a clearer picture of the development of the Baroque flute family, the intention of Bach to write two separate scores and the common practice of the flautists those days, the Sonata in B minor should probably be intended for the Baroque flute, the flute d’amour.